Nota kaki Ernst Haeckel

  1. ↑ Ernst Haeckel di Encyclopædia Britannica
  2. ↑ Haeckel, Ernst (1866). Generelle Morphologie der Organismen [The General Morphology of Organisms] (dalam bahasa Jerman). 2. Berlin, (Germany): Georg Reimer. From p. 286: "Unter Oecologie verstehen wir die gesammte Wissenschaft von den Beziehungen des Organismus zur umgebenden Aussenwelt, wohin wir im weiteren Sinne alle "Existenz-Bedingungen" rechnen können." (By "ecology" we understand the comprehensive science of the relationships of the organism to its surrounding environment, where we can include, in the broader sense, all "conditions of existence".)
  3. ↑ Haeckel, Ernst (1866). Generelle Morphologie der Organismen [The General Morphology of Organisms] (dalam bahasa Jerman). 1. Berlin, (Germany): G. Reimer. m/s. 28–29. Haeckel noted that species constantly evolved into new species that seemed to retain few consistent features among themselves and therefore few features that distinguished them as a group ("a self-contained unity"). "Wohl aber ist eine solche reale und vollkommen abgeschlossene Einheit die Summe aller Species, welche aus einer und derselben gemeinschaftlichen Stammform allmählig sich entwickelt haben, wie z. B. alle Wirbelthiere. Diese Summe nennen wir Stamm (Phylon)." (However, perhaps such a real and completely self-contained unity is the aggregate of all species which have gradually evolved from one and the same common original form, as, for example, all vertebrates. We name this aggregate [a] Stamm [i.e., race] (Phylon).)
  4. ↑ (Haeckel, 1866), vol. 1, p. 29: "Die Untersuchung der Entwicklung dieser Stämme und die Feststellung der genealogischen Verwandtschaft aller Species, die zu einem Stamm gehören, halten wir für die höchste und letzte besondere Aufgabe der organischen Morphologie. Im sechsten Buche werden wir die Grundzüge dieser Phylogenie oder Entwicklungsgeschichte der organischen Stämme (Kreise oder "Typen") festzustellen haben." (The investigation of the evolution of these phyla and the identification of the genealogical kinship of all species that belong to a phylum—we deem [this] the highest and ultimately specific task of organic morphology. In the sixth book, we will have to establish the outline of this "phylogeny" or history of the evolution of the organic phyla (groups or "types").)
  5. ↑ (Haeckel, 1866), vol. 1, pp. 215 ff. From p. 215: "VII. Character des Protistenreiches." (VII. Character of the kingdom of Protists.) From p. 216: "VII. B. Morphologischer Character des Protistenreiches. Ba. Character der protistischen Individualitäten. Der wesentliche tectologische Character der Protisten liegt in der sehr unvollkommenen Ausbildung und Differenzirung der Individualität überhaupt, insbesondere aber derjenigen zweiter Ordnung, der Organe. Sehr viele Protisten erheben sich niemals über den morphologischen Werth von Individuen erster Ordnung oder Plastiden." (VII. B. Morphological character of the kingdom of protists. Ba. Character of the protist Individualities. The essential tectological character of protists lies in the very incomplete formation and differentiation of individuality generally, however particularly of those of the second order, the organs. Very many protists never rise above the morphological level of individuals of the first order or plastids.)
  6. 1 2 Watts E, Levit GS, Hossfeld U (2019). "Ernst Haeckel's contribution to Evo-Devo and scientific debate: a re-evaluation of Haeckel's controversial illustrations in US textbooks in response to creationist accusations". Theory Biosci. 138 (1): 9–29. doi:10.1007/s12064-019-00277-3. PMID 30868433.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ↑ Freedom in Science and Teaching. German 1877, English 1879, ISBN 1-4102-1175-4.
  8. ↑ Hawkins, Mike (1997). Social Darwinism in European and American Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 140.
  9. ↑ Watts E, Levit GS, Hossfeld U (2019). "Ernst Haeckel's contribution to Evo-Devo and scientific debate: a re-evaluation of Haeckel's controversial illustrations in US textbooks in response to creationist accusations". Theory Biosci. 138 (1): 9–29. doi:10.1007/s12064-019-00277-3. PMID 30868433.
  10. ↑ Hawkins, Mike (1997). Social Darwinism in European and American Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 137.
  11. ↑ Di Gregorio, Mario A. (2005). "1: Young Haeckel". From Here to Eternity: Ernst Haeckel and Scientific Faith. Religion, Theologie Und Naturwissenschaft/Religion, Theology, And Natural Science. 3. Goettingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. m/s. 26. ISBN 9783525569726. Dicapai pada 25 Mac 2019. On 16 Februari 1834 a son was born to Charlotte and Carl Gottlob Haeckel in Kanal 24a (later Yorkstrasse 7), Potsdam, Prussia. His name was Ernst Heinrich Phillip August, and he was destined to become one of the most influential and controversial thinkers of his time.
  12. 1 2 3 4 "Ernst Haeckel" (article),German Wikipedia, 26 Oktober 2006, webpage: DE-Wiki-Ernst-Haeckel: last paragraph of "Leben" (Life) section.
  13. 1 2 3 "Ernst Haeckel" (biography), UC Berkeley, 2004, webpage: BerkeleyEdu-Haeckel.
  14. ↑ Haeckel, Ernst. The Art and Science of Ernst Haeckel. m/s. 14, 50.
  15. ↑ Innes, Shelley (2006). "From Here to Eternity: Ernst Haeckel and Scientific Faith, Religion, Theology, and Natural Science, Vol. 3 by Mario di Gregorio". Journal of the History of Biology. 39 (1): 214–216. doi:10.1007/s10739-006-0001-9. JSTOR 4332000.
  16. ↑ Richards, Robert J. (2008). The Tragic Sense of Life: Ernst Haeckel and the Struggle over Evolutionary Thought. University of Chicago Press. m/s. 173–174. ISBN 978-0-226-71219-2.
  17. ↑ New York Times Haeckel Again Honored in Spite of Himself on his 80th Birthday, published: 22 Februari 1914
  18. ↑ Felden, Emil (1914). "Felden Pastor an St. Martini Bremen". Dalam Schmidt, Heinrich (penyunting). Was wir Ernst Haeckel Verdanken (What We Owe to Ernst Haeckel): Ein Buch der Verehrung und Dankbarkeit (dalam bahasa Jerman). 2. Deutscher Monistenbund. Leipzig: Verlag Unesma. m/s. 125–128. testimony of Emil Felden in Was wir Ernst Haeckel Verdanken, vol. ii, p. 125. Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (bantuan)
  19. ↑ Carus, Paul (1914). The Open Court. Open Court Publishing Company. m/s. 385. PROFESSOR Ernst Haeckel's celebration of his 80th birthday,...on this occasion we note a work of two stately volumes, entitled Was wir Ernst Haeckel verdanken, edited at the request of the German Monistenbund by Heinrich Schmidt of Jena. (Image of p. 385 at Google Books)
  20. ↑ Kutschera, Ulrich; Levit, Georgy S.; Hossfeld, Uwe (2019-05-01). "Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919): The German Darwin and his impact on modern biology". Theory in Biosciences (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 138 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1007/s12064-019-00276-4. ISSN 1611-7530. PMID 30799517.
  21. ↑ Weir, Todd H. Secularism and religion in nineteenth-century Germany. The rise of the fourth confession. Cambridge University Press, 2014, p. 67
  22. ↑ Health, Race and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism by Paul Weindling, Cambridge University Press, 1993., pp. 46, 250
  23. ↑ Fred R. Shapiro, penyunting (2006). The Yale Book of Quotations. Yale University Press. m/s. 329. ISBN 978-0-300-10798-2. There is no doubt that the course and character of the feared "European War"...will become the first world war in the full sense of the word. Indianapolis Star, 20 September 1914
  24. ↑ Haeckel, Ernst. The Art and Science of Ernst Haeckel. m/s. 41.
  25. ↑ Ruse, M. 1979. The Darwinian Revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  26. ↑ Desmond 1989
  27. ↑ Richardson and Keuck, (Biol. Review (2002), 77, pp. 495–528) show that it is a simplification to suppose that Haeckel held the recapitulation theory in its strong form. They quote Haeckel as saying "If [recapitulation] was always complete, it would be a very easy task to construct whole phylogeny on the basis of ontogeny. … There is certainly, even now, a number of lower vertebrate animals (e.g. some Anthozoa and Vermes) where we are authorised to interpret each embryological form directly as the historical representation or portrait-like silhouette of an extinct ancestral form. But in a great majority of animals, including man, this is not possible because the infinitely varied conditions of existence have led the embryonic forms themselves to be changed and to partly lose their original condition (Haeckel, 1903: pp. 435–436)"
  28. ↑ Horder, Tim (April 2006). "Heterochrony". Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. John Wiley & Sons.
  29. ↑ Hall, B. K. (2003). "Evo-Devo: evolutionary developmental mechanisms". International Journal of Developmental Biology. 47 (7–8): 491–495. PMID 14756324.
  30. ↑ Schwartz, Jeffrey H. (1987). The Red Ape: Orang-utans and Human Origins. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 9780395380178.
  31. ↑ Martin, Robert D.; MacLarnon, Ann M.; Phillips, James L.; Dobyns, William B. (2006). "Flores hominid: New species or microcephalic dwarf?". The Anatomical Record Part A: Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary Biology (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 288A (11): 1123–1145. doi:10.1002/ar.a.20389. ISSN 1552-4892. PMID 17031806.
  32. 1 2 Richards 2008.
  33. ↑ The History of Creation, 6th edition (1914), volume 2, page 429.
  34. ↑ John P. Jackson and Nadine M. Weidman. Race, Racism, and Science: Social Impact and Interaction, Rutgers University Press, 2005, p. 87
  35. ↑ Gustav Jahoda, Images of Savages: Ancient Roots of Modern Prejudice in Western Culture, 1999, p. 83
  36. ↑ Gould, S.J. Ontogeny and Phylogeny. Cambridge MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press pp. 77–78
  37. ↑ Rosenberg, Alfred (1930). "The Myth of the 20th Century" (PDF). Dicapai pada 1 Februari 2018.
  38. ↑ Robert J. Richards, "Myth 19: That Darwin and Haeckel Were Complicit in Nazi Biology", in Ronald L. Numbers, ed., Galileo Goes to Jail and Other Myths About Science and Religion, Harvard University Press, 2009, p. 174.
  39. ↑ Douglas Palmer, Prehistoric past: The four billion year history of life on earth, p. 43
  40. ↑ Brian Regal, Human evolution: a guide to the debates, pp. 73–75
  41. ↑ Christopher J Norton and David R Braun. Asian Paleoanthropology: From Africa to China and beyond. p. 4
  42. ↑ Mario A. Di Gregorio. From here to Eternity: Ernst Haeckel and the scientific faith. p. 480
  43. ↑ Haeckel, Ernest (1884). THE HISTORY OF CREATION, Vol. II. m/s. Frontispiece. Dicapai pada 23 Oktober 2022.
  44. ↑ Haeckel, Ernst (1892). Monism as Connecting Religion and Science. Dicapai pada 16 Januari 2023.
  45. ↑ Darwin & Costa 2011, halaman 450
  46. ↑ Darwin 1859

    Darwin & Costa 2011
  47. ↑ Darwin 1871, halaman 4, 14–17
  48. ↑ Daum 1998, halaman 305–6
  49. ↑ Schmutz, Hans-Konrad (1984). "Hypothetische Bindeglieder zwischen Affe und Mensch: Zur fossilarmen Frühgeschichte der Paläoanthropologie". Sudhoffs Archiv. 68 (1): 77–83. JSTOR 20776898. Dicapai pada 11 Mac 2021.
  50. ↑ "Ernst Haeckel". WorldCat. Dicapai pada 4 Jun 2017.
  51. ↑ Gould, Stephen Jay (1977). Ontogeny and Phylogeny. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. m/s. 77-78. ISBN 9780674639409.
  52. ↑ Gasman, Daniel (1971). The Scientific Origins of National Socialism: Social Darwinism in Ernst Haeckel and the German Monist League. New Brunswick: MacDonald & co. m/s. xiv.
  53. ↑ Weikart, Richard (2004). From Darwin to Hitler. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
  54. ↑ Kelly, Alfred (1981). The Descent of Darwin: The Popularization of Darwinism in Germany, 1860–1914. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. m/s. 121. ISBN 9780807814604.
  55. ↑ Di Gregorio, Mario A. (2005). From Here to Eternity: Ernst Haeckel and Scientific Faith. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. m/s. 569.